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Landmark Cases
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Outcomes
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Shankari Prasad case-1951
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Parliament can amend all parts, including FR
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Sajjan Singh case 1964
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1 st time, the phrase basic structure was stated in the order of one of the judges
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Golaknath case-1967
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Parliament cannot curtail FR by amending them, SCI said that Amendments under article 368 are ‘law’ under article 13(2) and hence can be struck down if they violate Fundamental rights.
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Keshavananda Bharti Case-1973
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The court held that the Parliament's amending power under Article 368 is not unlimited and cannot alter the Constitution's basic structure, Basic Structure Doctrine. federalism, secularism, democracy, and the protection of fundamental rights are basic structure
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Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India (1980)
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The court, in this case, held that the basic structure doctrine acts as a limitation on the Parliament's power to amend the Constitution. The court struck down certain provisions of the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, as they violated the principles of judicial review and the separation of powers. Both FR's and DPSP's are equally important.
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S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)
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President's Rule should be limited to exceptional circumstances and not be used as a political tool to dismiss duly elected state governments. The judgment emphasized the principles of federalism and secularism as part of the basic structure.
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